Differences between First and Second Language Acquisition

Differences:
  • In first language acquisition, the basis for learning is universal grammar alone.  In second language acquisition, knowledge of the first language also serves as a basis for learning the second language.  There may be both positive and negative transfer between languages in second language learning.
  • In first language acquisition, children spend several years listening to language, babbling, and using telegraphic speech before they can form sentences.  In second language acquisition in older learners, learning is more rapid and people are able to form sentences within a shorter period of time. 
  • In formal second language learning in older learners, learners are able to use more metacognitive processes in their learning.  They can consciously analyze and manipulate grammatical structures, and they can explicitly describe how language works.  This can speed the learning process.
  • In second language learning in older learners, learners bring more life experience and background knowledge to their learning.  They have more schemata and more learning strategies to help them learn the second language.
  • In second language learning in older learners, there may be less access to universal grammar, and sensitivity to phonological distinctions not present in the native language will be reduced.  Students learning in a classroom setting may also have fewer opportunities to learn language authentically.  These factors may reduce the likelihood that second language learners will attain native-like proficiency.  First-language learners always attain native proficiency, unless they have a disability that affects language learning.
  • In first language acquistion, learners have many chances to practice with native speakers (especially caregivers).  In second language acquisition, learners may or may not have the opportunity to practice extensively with native speakers.
  • Almost everyone acquires a first language, but not everyone acquires a second language.  Acquiring a first language happens naturally, while acquiring a second language often requires conscious effort on the part of the learner. 

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